Punctuation Rules

Objective: Understand and apply proper punctuation, including commas, semicolons, colons, and dashes.

Introduction to Punctuation:

Punctuation is the key to clarity and precision in writing. Correct punctuation enhances the flow of your sentences and ensures your ideas are communicated effectively.

Commas:

1. Commas in Lists:
   • Rule: Use commas to separate items in a list.
   • Example: I need eggs, milk, and bread.
2. Commas with Coordinate Adjectives:
   • Rule: Use commas to separate adjectives of equal importance.
   • Example: She has a friendly, intelligent dog.
3. Commas in Compound Sentences:
   • Rule: Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence.
   • Example: I wanted to go to the party, but I had too much work.

Semicolons:

1. Between Independent Clauses:
   • Rule: Use a semicolon to connect closely related independent clauses.
   • Example: She finished her work; then she went for a walk.
2. In Lists with Commas:
   • Rule: Use semicolons to separate items in a list when those items contain commas.
   • Example: The team included players from New York, New York; Chicago, Illinois; and Los Angeles, California.

Colons:

1. Introducing Lists:
   • Rule: Use a colon to introduce a list.
   • Example: Please bring the following items: pen, paper, and notebook.
2. Before Explanations or Examples:
   • Rule: Use a colon to introduce explanations or examples.
   • Example: He had one goal: to win the championship.

Dashes:

1. Em Dash for Parenthetical Statements:
   • Rule: Use an em dash to set off parenthetical statements.
   • Example: The best part of the day—according to many—was the sunset.
2. En Dash for Ranges:
   • Rule: Use an en dash to indicate ranges.
   • Example: Pages 10–20

Common Punctuation Mistakes:

1. Comma Splices:
   • Avoid connecting independent clauses with a comma alone.
2. Overusing Punctuation:
   • Use punctuation marks judiciously; avoid unnecessary clutter.